Show me the service Widespread availability of WiMAX devices will be slow to develop. Telecom consultancy Maravedis expects 25 million consumer electronic WiMAX units to be shipped in 2012. But this is far less than the, or the 300 million Wi-Fi chipsets, shipped in 2007. The reason for the relatively slow growth of WiMAX units is the lack of widespread WiMAX service. Some device vendors will attempt to grab early market share and establish brand recognition by offering WiMAX devices in advance of widespread services, but customers will not purchase WiMAX devices if the service is not generally available in their region. In contrast, Wi-Fi technology does not depend upon the availability of Wi-Fi services.
Users can take advantage of Wi-Fi devices on enterprise networks, in their homes, or at hotspots. Integrated devices The fact that network operators will take years to deploy ubiquitous mobile WiMAX service will drive device manufacturers to design dual-mode devices that support 2nd generation (2G) and 3rd generation (3G) technology (such as EDGE and HSPA) in addition to mobile WiMAX. The 2G/3G technology provides access to ubiquitous coverage and support for voice, while the WiMAX technology provides access to mobile broadband data service. (Note that the same will be true for the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology when that is deployed in 2010.) Figure 1: Nokia N810 Internet Tablet WiMAX will also be designed into data-oriented devices such as laptops, tablets and ultra-mobile personal computers (UMPC). For example, Nokia introduced the that supports mobile WiMAX and Wi-Fi. The device has a WiMAX usage battery life of three hours and is estimated to cost approximately $450. Battery life will improve over time.
Ultimately, higher device shipment volume will drive down the per-unit price. External devices A more likely scenario in the near term is the use of external WiMAX devices. These include PC/Mac cards and universal serial bus (USB) devices. A mobile WiMAX USB device will work with existing PCs and Macs and can be passed from one user to another. For example, Airspan Networks introduced a that will enable connectivity to any global WiMAX network. The device supports the common mobile WiMAX bands - 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.3 to 3.7 GHz, and even 4.9 to 5.4 GHz - so it can be used on WiMAX networks around the world. Figure 2: Airspan WiMAX USB Conclusion The primary driver for WiMAX devices will be the availability of mobile WiMAX service, but such services will be slow to develop.
Therefore, WiMAX devices are not likely to achieve the same volume and cost characteristics as Wi-Fi devices. Some device vendors will attempt to grab early market share and establish brand recognition by offering integrated WiMAX products, such as ultra-mobile PCs, in advance of widespread services. Adobe acrobat x pro mac. A more likely scenario, however, is the availability of external WiMAX products, such as USB devices. About the author: Paul DeBeasi is a senior analyst at the Burton Group and has more than 25 years of experience in the networking industry.
WiMAX equipment with a and on top WiMAX ( Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a family of communication standards based on the set of standards, which provide multiple physical layer (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) options. The name 'WiMAX' was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard, including the definition of predefined system profiles for commercial vendors. The forum describes WiMAX as 'a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of as an alternative to and '. Or WirelessMAN-Advanced was a candidate for the, in competition with the standard. WiMAX was initially designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The latest version of WiMAX, WiMAX release 2.1, popularly branded as/known as WiMAX 2+, is a smooth, backwards-compatible transition from previous WiMAX generations.
It is compatible and inter-operable with. Contents.
Terminology WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the WiMAX Forum. (Similarly, refers to interoperable implementations of the Wireless LAN standards certified by the.) WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile. The original IEEE 802.16 standard (now called 'Fixed WiMAX') was published in 2001.
WiMAX adopted some of its technology from, a service marketed in Korea. Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e-2005) is the revision that was deployed in many countries and is the basis for future revisions such as 802.16m-2011. WiMAX is sometimes referred to as 'Wi-Fi on steroids' and can be used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular, etc.
It is similar to, but it can enable usage at much greater distances. A WiMAX USB modem for mobile access to the Internet Devices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network are known as (SS). Portable units include handsets (similar to cellular ); PC peripherals (PC Cards or USB dongles); and embedded devices in laptops, which are now available for Wi-Fi services. In addition, there is much emphasis by operators on consumer electronics devices such as Gaming consoles, MP3 players and similar devices. WiMAX is more similar to Wi-Fi than to other cellular technologies.
The WiMAX Forum website provides a list of certified devices. However, this is not a complete list of devices available as certified modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs , and other private labeled devices. Gateways WiMAX gateway devices are available as both indoor and outdoor versions from several manufacturers including,. The and membership list provide more links to specific vendors, products and installations.
The list of vendors and networks is not comprehensive and is not intended as an endorsement of these companies above others. Many of the WiMAX gateways that are offered by manufactures such as these are stand-alone self-install indoor units. Such devices typically sit near the customer's window with the best signal, and provide:.
An integrated Wi-Fi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet connectivity to multiple devices throughout the home or business. ports to connect directly to a computer, or on a local wired network.
One or two jacks to connect a land-line phone and take advantage of VoIP. Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses mean that the subscriber may need to be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with professionally installed external units.
Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to the installation of a residential. A higher- directional outdoor unit will generally result in greatly increased range and throughput but with the obvious loss of practical mobility of the unit. External modems.
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Airstream 1200 USB Modem can provide connectivity to a WiMAX network through a. Generally these devices are connected to a notebook or net book computer. Dongles typically have omnidirectional antennas which are of lower gain compared to other devices. As such these devices are best used in areas of good coverage.
Mobile phones HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled, the, on November 12, 2008. The device was only available to certain markets in Russia on the network until 2010. HTC and released the second WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA conference in Las Vegas. The device, made available on June 4, 2010, is capable of both EV-DO(3G) and WiMAX(pre-4G) as well as simultaneous data & voice sessions.
Sprint Nextel announced at CES 2012 that it will no longer be offering devices using the WiMAX technology due to financial circumstances, instead, along with its network partner, Sprint Nextel will roll out a 4G network deciding to shift and utilize 4G technology instead. Technical information The IEEE 802.16 Standard WiMAX is based upon Std, approved in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE Std 8, and so the actual standard is 8 as amended by 802.16e-2005. Thus, these specifications need to be considered together. IEEE 802.16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 8 by:. Adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover between base stations). This is seen as one of the most important aspects of 802.16e-2005, and is the very basis of Mobile WiMAX.
Scaling of the (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing constant across different channel bandwidths (typically 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz). Constant carrier spacing results in a higher spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. Also known as scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA). Other bands not multiples of 1.25 MHz are defined in the standard, but because the allowed FFT subcarrier numbers are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, other frequency bands will not have exactly the same carrier spacing, which might not be optimal for implementations. Carrier spacing is 10.94 kHz. Advanced schemes, and (HARQ). (AAS) and technology.
Denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor penetration. Intro and (LDPC). Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing administrators to trade coverage for capacity or vice versa. Adding an extra (QoS) class for VoIP applications SOFDMA (used in 802.16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802.16d) are not compatible thus equipment will have to be replaced if an operator is to move to the later standard (e.g., Fixed WiMAX to Mobile WiMAX).
Physical layer The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 802.16a, updated in 2004 to 8, added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range. 8 was updated by 802.16e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable (SOFDMA), as opposed to the fixed (OFDM) version with 256 sub-carriers (of which 200 are used) in 802.16d. More advanced versions, including 802.16e, also bring multiple antenna support through.
(See ) This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re-use and bandwidth efficiency. WiMax is the most energy-efficient pre-4G technique among. Media access control layer The WiMAX MAC uses a for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network. After network entry is allowed, the subscriber station is allocated an access slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control (QoS) parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber station.
Specifications As a standard intended to satisfy needs of next-generation data networks , WiMAX is distinguished by its dynamic burst algorithm modulation adaptive to the physical environment the RF signal travels through. Modulation is chosen to be more spectrally efficient (more bits per / symbol). That is, when the bursts have a high and a high plus interference ratio (CINR), they can be more easily decoded using (DSP). In contrast, operating in less favorable environments for RF communication, the system automatically steps down to a more robust mode (burst profile) which means fewer bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the advantage that power per bit is higher and therefore simpler accurate signal processing can be performed. Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dynamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput between clients and the base station is determined largely by distance. Maximum distance is achieved by the use of the most robust burst setting; that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame allocation trade-off requiring more symbols (a larger portion of the MAC frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given amount of data than if the client were closer to the base station.
The client's MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as well as the specific time allocation. However, even if this is done automatically then the practical deployment should avoid high interference and multipath environments. The reason for which is obviously that too much interference causes the network to function poorly and can also misrepresent the capability of the network. The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like ) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the available bandwidth.) This could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or lost frames. As a result, the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately project frequency use, interference, and general product functionality. The Asia-Pacific region has surpassed the North American region in terms of 4G broadband wireless subscribers.
There were around 1.7 million pre-WiMAX and WiMAX customers in Asia – 29% of the overall market – compared to 1.4 million in the USA and Canada. Integration with an IP-based network. The WiMAX Forum architecture The WiMAX Forum has proposed an architecture that defines how a WiMAX network can be connected with an IP based core network, which is typically chosen by operators that serve as Internet Service Providers (ISP); Nevertheless, the WiMAX BS provide seamless integration capabilities with other types of architectures as with packet switched Mobile Networks.
Picture of a board A number of specialized companies produced baseband ICs and integrated RFICs for WiMAX Subscriber Stations in the 2.3, 2.5 and 3.5 GHz bands (refer to 'Spectrum allocation' above). These companies include, but are not limited to, Beceem,. Comparison Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and are frequent, because both are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access. WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres, that uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the Internet.
Wi-Fi uses the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequency bands to provide access to a local network. Wi-Fi is more popular in end-user devices. Wi-Fi runs on the 's protocol, which is connectionless and contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a connection-oriented MAC. WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different quality of service (QoS) mechanisms:. WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user device.
Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms. Wi-Fi uses access — all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput. Both, which includes Wi-Fi, and, which includes WiMAX, define and, where an end user communicates to users or servers on another (LAN) using its. However, 802.11 supports also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end user devices without an access point while 802.16 end user devices must be in range of the base station.
Although Wi-Fi and WiMAX are designed for different situations, they are complementary. WiMAX network operators typically provide a WiMAX Subscriber Unit that connects to the metropolitan WiMAX network and provides Wi-Fi connectivity within the home or business for computers and smartphones. This enables the user to place the WiMAX Subscriber Unit in the best reception area, such as a window, and have date access throughout their property. Conformance testing test specification language is used for the purposes of specifying conformance tests for WiMAX implementations. The WiMAX test suite is being developed by a Specialist Task Force at (STF 252). Associations WiMAX Forum The WiMAX Forum is a non profit organization formed to promote the adoption of WiMAX compatible products and services.
A major role for the organization is to certify the interoperability of WiMAX products. Those that pass conformance and interoperability testing achieve the 'WiMAX Forum Certified' designation, and can display this mark on their products and marketing materials. Some vendors claim that their equipment is 'WiMAX-ready', 'WiMAX-compliant', or 'pre-WiMAX', if they are not officially WiMAX Forum Certified. Another role of the WiMAX Forum is to promote the spread of knowledge about WiMAX. In order to do so, it has a certified training program that is currently offered in English and French. It also offers a series of member events and endorses some industry events. WiSOA logo WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance WiSOA was the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum with plans to deploy WiMAX technology in those bands.
WiSOA focused on the regulation, commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2.3–2.5 GHz and the 3.4–3.5 GHz ranges. WiSOA merged with the in April 2008. Telecommunications Industry Association In 2011, the released three technical standards (TIA-1164, TIA-1143, and TIA-1140) that cover the air interface and core networking aspects of Wi-Max (HRPD) systems using a Mobile Station/Access Terminal (MS/AT) with a single transmitter. Competing technologies Within the marketplace, WiMAX's main competition came from existing, widely deployed wireless systems such as (UMTS), existing Wi-Fi and mesh networking. Mobility of wireless systems:, (HSPA), (UMTS), In the future, competition will be from the evolution of the major cellular standards to, high-bandwidth, low-latency, all-IP networks with voice services built on top.
The worldwide move to 4G for GSM/UMTS and / (including CDMA2000) is the (LTE) effort. The LTE Standard was finalized in December 2008, with the first commercial deployment of LTE carried out by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm in December, 2009. Since then, LTE has seen increasing adoption by mobile carriers around the world. In some areas of the world, the wide availability of UMTS and a general desire for standardization has meant spectrum has not been allocated for WiMAX: in July 2005, the -wide frequency allocation for WiMAX was blocked.
Harmonization Early WirelessMAN standards, The European standard and Korean standard were harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. All networks now being deployed in South Korea, the home of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX. Comparison with other mobile Internet standards. Parts of this article (those related to template) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2018) Comparison of mobile Internet access methods Common Name Family Primary Use Radio Tech (Mbit/s) (Mbit/s) Notes Mobile Internet / 21 42 84 672 5.8 11.5 22 168. Revision 11 of the 3GPP states that is expected to have a throughput capacity of 672 Mbit/s.
Mobile Internet // 100 Cat3 150 Cat4 300 Cat5 (in 20 MHz FDD) 50 Cat3/4 75 Cat5 (in 20 MHz FDD) update expected to offer peak rates up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100 Mb/s to mobile users. WirelessMAN - 37 (10 MHz TDD) 17 (10 MHz TDD) With 2x2 MIMO. Main article: As of October 2010, the WiMAX Forum claimed over 592 WiMAX (fixed and mobile) networks deployed in over 148 countries, covering over 621 million subscribers. By February 2011, the WiMAX Forum cited coverage of over 823 million people, and estimate over 1 billion subscribers by the end of the year. South Korea launched a WiMAX network in the second quarter of 2006. By the end of 2008 there were 350,000 WiMAX subscribers in Korea.
Worldwide, by early 2010 WiMAX seemed to be ramping quickly relative to other available technologies, though access in North America lagged., the largest WiMAX network operator in the world in 4Q 2009, announced in May 2010 that it will move new network deployments to LTE and, subsequently, change its existing networks as well. A study published in September 2010 by Blycroft Publishing estimated 800 management contracts from 364 WiMAX operations worldwide offering active services (launched or still trading as opposed to just licensed and still to launch). In some countries such as the United States, WiMAX usage declined in 2011.
In 2015 began closing its WiMAX network. In 2015 a sharp decline in WiMAX usage was predicted in Africa, as users switch to LTE. See also. Pinola, Jarno; Kostas Pentikousis (2008). The Internet Protocol Journal (IPJ).
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